This briefing paper summarises the key findings of two literature reviews jointly commissioned by the Audit Commission and the King's Fund. The reviews provide evidence of shortcomings in the current health and social care system and practices and processes that are known to be effective in achieving good outcomes for service users and for organisations that are responsible for financing or providing services. The summary is provided to assist health and local authorities as they work together to develop better opportunities for the rehabilitation of people whose independence has been impaired by illness and injury. It presents findings on five key issues that are essential if progress is to be made.